According to Sudaryanto in "Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Jawa", the types of Javanese Affixes are prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes. The prefix N- added to the word pangan ('food'), for example will, change the word pangan ('food') which is noun to mangan ('eat') which is verb. The example of the Javanese suffix is the suffix -en . The word
bleduk (dust) + -en becomes bleduken ('dusty'). The example of Javanese infix is the infix -em-. The Javanese word semega ('the condition of someone who likes to eat much; this condition usuallyrefers to the teenagers') is derived from the word sega
('rice') added ti the infix -em- . The example of Javanese circumfix is the circumfix N- .... -I. The word mbanyoni ('to irrigate'), for example is derived from the word banyu ('water') added to the circumfix N- .... -I.
Reference:
Sudaryanto. 1991. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Jawa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.
Jumat, 11 Juli 2008
- Morphophonemic process
Related to the affixation processes, there is a term called morphophonemic processes (Fromkin, 1990: 141). The term morphophonemic processes is derived from two words, they are “morpheme” and “phoneme”. The word Morphophonemic refers variation in the form of morphemes because of the influence phonetic factor or the study of this variation (Longman). According to Parera, the form change of morpheme is based on the sounds surround it which relates to the correlation between morphemes and phonemes (1982:42). It is also called morphophonemic changes.
According to Ramlan, morphophonemic refers the changes of phoneme as a result from the merging of one morpheme and another (2001:83). He also states that morphophonemic process is a process of form changes in which phoneme and morpheme are involved.
References:
Fromkin, Victoria et.al. 1990. An Introduction to Language. Sidney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Parera, Jos Daniel. 1982. Studi Linguistik Umum dan Historikal Bandingan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Ramlan. 1985. Morphology: Suatu Tinjauan Deskriptif. Yogyakarta: CV. Karyono.
According to Ramlan, morphophonemic refers the changes of phoneme as a result from the merging of one morpheme and another (2001:83). He also states that morphophonemic process is a process of form changes in which phoneme and morpheme are involved.
References:
Fromkin, Victoria et.al. 1990. An Introduction to Language. Sidney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Parera, Jos Daniel. 1982. Studi Linguistik Umum dan Historikal Bandingan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Ramlan. 1985. Morphology: Suatu Tinjauan Deskriptif. Yogyakarta: CV. Karyono.
Jumat, 30 Mei 2008
Derivational Morphemes
As mentioned above, bound morphemes consist of inflectional and derivational morphemes. Inflectional morphemes are those which do not create new meaning. These morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are attached (Bauer, 1988: 12). They only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of words which they are attached to. The word books, for example, consists of a free morpheme book and an inflectional morpheme –s. The bound morpheme –s does not change the syntactic category of the morpheme book. The bound morpheme –s does not change the lexical meaning of book. It only gives grammatical meaning which shows that the word books is plural. Book is a noun and books is still a noun.
Different from the word books which contains the bound morpheme –s which does not create new meaning of the word book, the word happiness contains a bound morpheme –ness which creates new meaning of the word happy. The bound morpheme like –ness is called derivational morpheme. A derivational morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base (Bauer, 1988: 12). Sari (1988: 82) says that derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. In the word happiness, the bound morpheme –ness creates a new word by changing both the meaning and the part of speech. Happy is an adjective but the derived word happiness is a noun. Some derivational morphemes create new meaning but do not change the syntactic category or part of speech. The word unhappy, for example, consists of the base happy and the derivational morpheme (prefix) un-. Happy is an adjective and the derived word unhappy is also an adjective.
In English, derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All prefixes in English are derivational. All prefixes in English modify the meaning although they do not modify the syntactic category. For examples, the derivational prefix in- in inefficient, un- in undo, re- in rewrite, dis- in dislike and a- in amoral modify the positive meaning to the negative meaning but do not change the syntactic category of the derived words; efficient is an adjective and the derived word inefficient is also an adjective; do is a verb and the derived word undo is also a verb; write is a verb and the derived word rewrite is also a verb; moral is an adjective and the derived word amoral is also and adjective. All the derivational prefixes explained above have the meaning ‘not’. Most derivational suffixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning. Only a few of them do not change the syntactic category. The derivational suffixes which change the syntactic category can be noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, and adverb-forming suffixes.
Different from the word books which contains the bound morpheme –s which does not create new meaning of the word book, the word happiness contains a bound morpheme –ness which creates new meaning of the word happy. The bound morpheme like –ness is called derivational morpheme. A derivational morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base (Bauer, 1988: 12). Sari (1988: 82) says that derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. In the word happiness, the bound morpheme –ness creates a new word by changing both the meaning and the part of speech. Happy is an adjective but the derived word happiness is a noun. Some derivational morphemes create new meaning but do not change the syntactic category or part of speech. The word unhappy, for example, consists of the base happy and the derivational morpheme (prefix) un-. Happy is an adjective and the derived word unhappy is also an adjective.
In English, derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All prefixes in English are derivational. All prefixes in English modify the meaning although they do not modify the syntactic category. For examples, the derivational prefix in- in inefficient, un- in undo, re- in rewrite, dis- in dislike and a- in amoral modify the positive meaning to the negative meaning but do not change the syntactic category of the derived words; efficient is an adjective and the derived word inefficient is also an adjective; do is a verb and the derived word undo is also a verb; write is a verb and the derived word rewrite is also a verb; moral is an adjective and the derived word amoral is also and adjective. All the derivational prefixes explained above have the meaning ‘not’. Most derivational suffixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning. Only a few of them do not change the syntactic category. The derivational suffixes which change the syntactic category can be noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, and adverb-forming suffixes.
The aspects of language
Language consists of two aspects namely form and meaning. In relation to meaning, the smallest meaningful unit in language is morpheme. Morpheme is defined as the smallest meaningful unit of a language (Lim Kiat Boey, 1975 : 37). Words are made up of morphemes. The word teachers, for example, consists of three meaningful units or morphemes, teach, –er, and –s. The morpheme teach forming the word teachers has the lexical meaning; the morpheme –er means the doer of teaching; the morpheme –s has plural meaning. We can identify the meaning of the morpheme teach although it stands alone but we cannot identify the meaning of morphemes –er and –s in isolation. We can identify the meaning of the morpheme –er and –s after they combine to the morpheme teach. The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes must be attached to free morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be classified into prefix, infix, and suffix. English only has two kinds of bound morphemes namely prefixes and suffixes. There are not infixes in English. Bound morphemes are classified into two namely derivational and inflectional morphemes.
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)
